Reference voltage and output drive
The TL431CZ is an adjustable shunt voltage reference with a 2.495 V minimum output and a 36 V maximum, delivering up to 100 mA to the load. The cathode current requirement is 1 mA minimum, so the bias resistor must be sized to keep at least that much current flowing through the device at all times. The ±2.21% initial tolerance sets the worst-case output voltage spread across the operating temperature range of 0°C to 70°C. For a 5 V rail derived from the TL431, the output could vary by roughly ±110 mV before adding resistor-divider error — a consideration for precision bias or comparator thresholds.
Housed in the TO-92-3 (TO-226AA) through-hole package, the TL431CZ suits point-to-point wiring or prototyping on perfboard.
